CBQ Practice›Class 12 Geography

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Class 12 Geography
CBQ Practice

Competency Based Questions · 3 chapters · 6 CBQ sets

Question types:Case StudySource BasedAssertion–Reason

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Ch 1

Human Geography — Nature and Scope

2 sets

CBQ 1Case StudyHuman-Environment Relationship in the Nile Valley4 marks

Read the passage

The Nile River Valley has sustained one of the world's oldest civilisations for over 5,000 years. Annual Nile floods deposited rich silt on the floodplain, creating fertile land in the middle of a desert. Egyptian civilisation developed along the narrow strip of green (called the 'Black Land') on either side of the river. Early geographers like Ellsworth Huntington argued that the regular Nile floods and the stimulating climate of Egypt were the key determinants of Egyptian civilisation — without these environmental advantages, no great civilisation could have emerged here. However, the Egyptians actively managed the floods through irrigation canals, water storage basins, and later the Aswan High Dam (1970).

Huntington's argument that the Nile floods 'determined' Egyptian civilisation represents which school of thought in human geography?

(A)Possibilism

(B)Environmental Determinism

(C)Neo-Determinism

(D)Cultural Geography

The Egyptians building irrigation canals and the Aswan Dam to manage the Nile floods represents which approach?

(A)Environmental Determinism — nature controls human activity

(B)Possibilism — humans use nature's possibilities according to their technology and culture

(C)Neo-Determinism — humans are completely free from environmental constraints

(D)Fatalism — acceptance of natural events

The Aswan High Dam stopped the annual Nile silt deposit, causing farmers to use chemical fertilisers. This illustrates:

(A)That technology always solves environmental problems perfectly

(B)The concept of Neo-Determinism — technology solves one problem but creates others; progress is possible but has limits

(C)That environmental determinism was correct

(D)That possibilism leads to complete environmental control

Explain Neo-Determinism (Stop and Go Determinism) as proposed by Griffith Taylor. How does the Nile Valley example illustrate this concept?

CBQ 2Assertion–Reason1 mark

Assertion

Possibilism gives more importance to human agency than environmental determinism.

Reason

In possibilism, the natural environment provides opportunities and limitations, but human culture, technology, and needs determine how these possibilities are utilised — making humans the active agents rather than passive products of their environment.

(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

(D) A is false but R is true

Ch 2

Migration, Human Development and Population

2 sets

CBQ 1Case StudyRural-Urban Migration in India4 marks

Read the passage

The 2011 Census recorded over 450 million internal migrants in India. Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are the largest source states (sending migrants), while Delhi, Maharashtra, and Gujarat are the largest destination states (receiving migrants). For male migrants, the primary reason is work or employment (39%). For female migrants, it is marriage (67%). Construction workers from Bihar commonly migrate seasonally to Delhi and Mumbai, living in informal settlements near construction sites. They send remittances home, which can constitute 30–50% of rural household income in source villages. However, migrants in cities often lack access to welfare schemes because documentation is linked to their home states.

The migration of Bihar construction workers to Delhi for employment is an example of:

(A)International migration driven by political factors

(B)Internal rural-to-urban migration driven by economic push and pull factors

(C)Forced migration due to environmental disaster

(D)Retirement migration

Female migrants migrating primarily for marriage (67%) represents which type of migration cause?

(A)Economic push factor

(B)Social factor — marriage is a social institution, making this social migration

(C)Environmental factor

(D)Political factor

Remittances constituting 30–50% of rural household income in Bihar villages illustrates which consequence of migration?

(A)Brain drain from the destination region

(B)Economic benefit to the source region through money transfers from migrants

(C)Overcrowding in source regions

(D)Reduction in agricultural output in destination regions

Using the concept of 'push and pull factors', explain why Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are major source states while Delhi and Maharashtra are major destination states.

CBQ 2Assertion–Reason1 mark

Assertion

India has a favourable age structure (demographic dividend) for economic growth.

Reason

India has a large and growing working-age population (15–64 years), with a relatively small dependent population — if this workforce is educated, skilled, and employed, it can significantly boost economic productivity and savings.

(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

(D) A is false but R is true

Ch 3

Primary Activities and Secondary/Tertiary Activities

2 sets

CBQ 1Case StudyThe Green Revolution and Its Regional Impact4 marks

Read the passage

India's Green Revolution of the 1960s–1970s involved the introduction of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds of wheat and rice, combined with assured irrigation, chemical fertilisers, and pesticides. Punjab and Haryana experienced the most dramatic transformation — wheat production tripled between 1965 and 1985. India achieved food grain self-sufficiency by the early 1970s. However, the benefits were geographically uneven: Eastern India (Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal) and dryland farming regions of Rajasthan and Maharashtra were largely bypassed due to lack of irrigation infrastructure. Environmental consequences included rapidly falling groundwater tables in Punjab (water table falling 1 metre per year by 2000) and soil degradation from heavy chemical use.

Why did the Green Revolution have its greatest impact in Punjab and Haryana rather than Bihar or Odisha?

(A)Punjab and Haryana had more educated farmers

(B)Punjab and Haryana had better irrigation infrastructure (canals, tube wells) that allowed HYV seeds to reach their potential, while eastern India lacked irrigation

(C)HYV seeds were only distributed in Punjab and Haryana

(D)Eastern India refused to adopt the Green Revolution

The rapidly falling groundwater table in Punjab is described as an example of:

(A)A short-term problem that will correct itself naturally

(B)An unsustainable agricultural practice — over-extraction of groundwater for irrigation without adequate recharge

(C)A sign of increased agricultural productivity

(D)Normal seasonal variation in groundwater levels

The concept of an 'Evergreen Revolution' was proposed to address the limitations of the Green Revolution. It emphasises:

(A)Growing only green vegetables

(B)Sustainable productivity increase using eco-friendly methods that maintain soil health and water resources

(C)Returning to traditional farming only

(D)Increasing use of chemical fertilisers further

Explain the concept of 'plantation agriculture'. How is it different from subsistence farming? Give two examples of plantation crops in India.

CBQ 2Assertion–Reason1 mark

Assertion

Roadways are the most important mode of transport in India.

Reason

Road transport carries approximately 90% of passenger traffic and over 65% of freight traffic in India, making it indispensable for both personal mobility and commercial logistics — especially in areas not connected by railways.

(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

(D) A is false but R is true

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Class 12 Geography
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Human Geography — Nature and Scope

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Human Geography — Nature and Scope

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