Chapter Summaries›Class 12 Chemistry
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Class 12 ChemistryChapter Summaries

14 chapters · Quick revision in under 3 minutes per chapter

Ch 1

The Solid State

Covers types of solids, crystal systems, packing in solids, and defects in crystals. Unit cell calculations and packing efficiency are common numericals.

Topics covered

Types of solids: ionic, covalent, metallic, molecularCrystal systems and Bravais latticesPacking efficiency (BCC, FCC/CCP)Imperfections in solids
Ch 2

Solutions

Covers types of solutions, Raoult's law, colligative properties, and van't Hoff factor. Abnormal molecular masses and determination of molecular masses are key.

Topics covered

Vapour pressure and Raoult's lawIdeal and non-ideal solutionsColligative properties: elevation of BP, depression of FP, osmotic pressurevan't Hoff factor
Ch 3

Electrochemistry

Covers electrochemical cells, standard electrode potentials, Nernst equation, conductance, and batteries. Corrosion is also included.

Topics covered

Galvanic cells and EMFStandard electrode potentialNernst equationConductance and conductivityKohlrausch's lawBatteries and fuel cells
Ch 4

Chemical Kinetics

Covers rate of reaction, factors affecting rate, rate law, order of reaction, and Arrhenius equation. Integrated rate equations and half-life are key numericals.

Topics covered

Rate of reactionOrder and molecularityIntegrated rate equations (zero, first order)Half life of reactionsArrhenius equation and activation energy
Ch 5

Surface Chemistry

Covers adsorption, catalysis, colloids, and emulsions. Tyndall effect in colloids and Hardy-Schulze rule are important.

Topics covered

Adsorption: physisorption vs chemisorptionCatalysis: homogeneous and heterogeneousColloids and emulsionsTyndall effectHardy-Schulze rule (coagulation)
Ch 6

General Principles of Extraction of Elements

Covers principles and methods of extraction — concentration of ores, reduction, and refining. Ellingham diagram is an important concept.

Topics covered

Concentration of ores: gravity separation, froth flotationThermodynamic principles: Ellingham diagramReduction methodsElectrochemical refining
Ch 7

The p-Block Elements

Covers Group 15 (N, P, As), Group 16 (O, S, Se), Group 17 (halogens), and Group 18 (noble gases). Preparation, properties and uses of important compounds are frequently asked.

Topics covered

Group 15: oxides of nitrogen, phosphoric acidsGroup 16: sulphuric acid (industrial preparation), ozoneGroup 17: interhalogen compounds, bleaching powderGroup 18: uses of noble gases
Ch 8

The d and f Block Elements

Covers transition elements and their general characteristics. Lanthanoids and actinoids are also included. Chemical reactions and oxidation states of Cr and Mn are important.

Topics covered

General characteristics of d-block elementsCatalytic, magnetic and coloured propertiesImportant compounds: KMnO₄, K₂Cr₂O₇Lanthanoids and actinoidsLanthanoid contraction
Ch 9

Coordination Compounds

Covers nomenclature, Werner's theory, VBT, Crystal Field Theory, isomerism, and stability of coordination compounds. IUPAC naming rules are consistently asked.

Topics covered

Werner's theoryIUPAC nomenclature of coordination compoundsValence Bond Theory (VBT) and hybridisationCrystal Field Theory and CFSEIsomerism in coordination compounds
Ch 10

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Covers nomenclature, preparation, properties and reactions. SN1 vs SN2 mechanisms, optical isomerism, and Grignard reagents are key topics.

Topics covered

NomenclaturePreparation of haloalkanes and haloarenesSN1 and SN2 mechanismsOptical isomerism in haloalkanesUses of halogen compounds (DDT, Freons, chloroform)
Ch 11

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Covers nomenclature, preparation, and properties. Acidity of phenols and Lucas test for alcohols are frequently asked. Industrial preparation of ethanol and phenol are important.

Topics covered

Nomenclature and classificationPreparation of alcohols and phenolsPhysical properties and acidityChemical reactions: oxidation, esterification, Lucas testIndustrial preparation of ethanol
Ch 12

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Covers nomenclature, preparation, and reactions of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, and Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction are key.

Topics covered

Nomenclature and preparationNucleophilic addition reactionsAldol condensationCannizzaro reactionAcidity of carboxylic acidsReactions: esterification, Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky
Ch 13

Amines

Covers nomenclature, preparation, basicity, and reactions of amines. Diazonium salts and their synthetic importance are included. Comparison of basicity of primary, secondary, tertiary amines is a common question.

Topics covered

Nomenclature and classificationPreparation of amines (reduction, Hofmann bromamide)Basicity order of aminesReactions: acylation, sulphonylation, diazotisationDiazonium salts in synthesis
Ch 14

Biomolecules

Covers carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, vitamins, nucleic acids, and hormones. Classification of carbohydrates and protein structure levels are common board questions.

Topics covered

Classification of carbohydratesMonosaccharides: glucose and fructose structuresProteins: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structureEnzymes and their characteristicsNucleic acids: DNA and RNA

More resources for Class 12 Chemistry

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