Important Diagrams

Show horizontal and vertical components of initial velocity separately. At the vertex, vertical velocity = 0.

Always resolve weight along and perpendicular to the inclined surface, not along x-y axes.

Both masses share the same tension T and the same magnitude of acceleration a when string is inextensible.

Show the system at three positions: compressed, equilibrium, and stretched. Label restoring force direction in each.

For small angles sinθ ≈ θ. The restoring force is the tangential component of gravity, not full mg.

Wavelength is the distance between two successive crests (or troughs). Amplitude is measured from equilibrium to crest.

Show that the gravitational force provides the centripetal force: GMm/r² = mv²/r.

Show a converging pipe with A₁ > A₂. By continuity, v₂ > v₁, so P₂ < P₁ (Bernoulli's principle).

The slope of the linear (elastic) region is Young's modulus. Beyond the elastic limit, deformation becomes permanent.

Closed pipe: node at closed end, antinode at open end — supports only odd harmonics. Open pipe: antinodes at both ends — supports all harmonics.

In a longitudinal wave, particles vibrate parallel to the direction of wave propagation. Compressions are high-pressure regions.

The two isothermal curves are at different temperatures (T₁ > T₂). Net work done = area enclosed by the cycle.

Animal cell lacks cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole. Centrioles are present — a key distinguishing feature.

Plant cell has cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. No centrioles (in higher plants).

Singer and Nicolson model (1972). Proteins are embedded in or attached to the lipid bilayer — not a static structure.

Draw each stage in a box. Key feature: 2n → 2n; daughter cells genetically identical to parent. PMAT mnemonic.

Meiosis I is reductional division (2n → n); Meiosis II is equational (like mitosis). Crossing over occurs during Prophase I (pachytene).

Typhlosole is a dorsal fold of the intestine that increases absorptive surface area — a common labelling point.

Label the three parts of the small intestine separately. Liver and pancreas are accessory digestive glands — show their ducts entering the duodenum.

Fats are absorbed via lacteals (lymph); glucose and amino acids enter blood capillaries. Microvilli increase surface area further.

SAN is the pacemaker — located in the right atrium. Left ventricle has the thickest wall (pumps blood to entire body).

Gas exchange occurs only at the alveoli — not in the trachea or bronchi (dead space). Show alveoli as tiny clusters at the end of bronchioles.

Myelin sheath speeds up impulse conduction (saltatory conduction at nodes). The synaptic knob contains synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitters.

Transmission across a synapse is chemical and unidirectional — from pre-synaptic to post-synaptic membrane only.

Fovea has maximum cone density — point of sharpest vision. Blind spot has no photoreceptors (where optic nerve exits).