Chapter SummariesClass 10 Science
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Class 10 ScienceChapter Summaries

13 chapters · Quick revision in under 3 minutes per chapter

Ch 1

Chemical Reactions and Equations

Introduces chemical equations and types of chemical reactions — combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, oxidation and reduction. Writing and balancing chemical equations is the core skill.

Topics covered

Writing and balancing chemical equationsTypes: combination, decomposition, displacementDouble displacement reactionsOxidation and reductionCorrosion and rancidity
Ch 2

Acids, Bases and Salts

Covers chemical properties of acids and bases, the pH scale, and formation of salts. Important salts (NaCl, NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, bleaching powder) and their uses are frequently asked in board exams.

Topics covered

Properties of acids and basespH scale and indicatorsNeutralisation reactionSalts: common salt, washing soda, baking soda, bleaching powder, plaster of paris
Ch 3

Metals and Non-metals

Compares physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. The reactivity series and its applications (thermite reaction, extraction of metals) are key. Ionic bond formation is introduced.

Topics covered

Physical properties of metals and non-metalsChemical properties: reaction with O₂, water, acidsReactivity seriesExtraction of metals (less reactive, moderately reactive, highly reactive)Ionic compounds
Ch 4

Carbon and its Compounds

Covers covalent bonding in carbon compounds, homologous series, and functional groups. Ethanol, ethanoic acid, soaps, and detergents are important applied topics frequently asked in board exams.

Topics covered

Covalent bonding in carbonHomologous seriesFunctional groups: alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acidEthanol and ethanoic acid (properties and uses)Soaps and detergents
Ch 5

Life Processes

Covers nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion in humans and plants. The structure and function of the heart, kidney, and leaf (for photosynthesis) are diagram-heavy topics.

Topics covered

Photosynthesis (equation and process)Aerobic and anaerobic respirationTransportation in plants and humans (heart structure)Excretion: kidney structure and functionDialysis
Ch 6

Control and Coordination

Covers the nervous system (neuron structure, reflex arc, brain regions) and the endocrine system (hormones and their functions) in animals. Movement in plants (tropic and nastic) is also included.

Topics covered

Structure of neuronReflex arc and reflex actionHuman brain: cerebrum, cerebellum, medullaTropic movements in plantsEndocrine glands and hormones
Ch 7

How do Organisms Reproduce?

Covers asexual and sexual reproduction in plants and animals. Reproduction in humans (male and female reproductive systems) and contraception are included. Puberty and STDs are also covered.

Topics covered

Asexual reproduction: fission, budding, fragmentation, spore formation, vegetative propagationSexual reproduction in plants (flower structure)Human reproductive systemsPuberty and contraception
Ch 8

Heredity

Covers Mendel's laws of inheritance using monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. Chromosomes as carriers of hereditary information, sex determination, and evolution (Darwin's theory) are included.

Topics covered

Mendel's experiments and lawsMonohybrid and dihybrid crossDominant and recessive traitsSex determination in humansAcquired vs inherited traits

⚠️ Removed from 2025-26 syllabus

Evolution chapter merged into Heredity — speciation and molecular phylogeny

Ch 9

Light – Reflection and Refraction

Covers reflection by spherical mirrors (concave and convex) and refraction through lenses (convex and concave). Mirror formula, lens formula, and magnification are key numerical topics.

Topics covered

Laws of reflectionSpherical mirrors: concave and convexMirror formula: 1/v + 1/u = 1/fRefraction and Snell's lawLens formula and magnificationPower of a lens
Ch 10

The Human Eye and the Colourful World

Covers structure and function of the human eye, defects of vision and their correction, refraction through a glass prism, and dispersion of light. The phenomena of rainbow, atmospheric refraction are also included.

Topics covered

Structure of human eyeDefects: myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopiaRefraction by prism and dispersionRainbowTyndall effect, scattering of lightWhy sky is blue / sunset is red
Ch 11

Electricity

Covers Ohm's law, resistance and resistivity, and series/parallel combination of resistors. Heating effect of current (Joule's law) and electric power are key numerical topics.

Topics covered

Ohm's law: V = IRResistance and factors affecting itSeries and parallel combination of resistorsJoule's law of heatingElectric power and energy
Ch 12

Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Covers magnetic field due to current in a straight conductor, solenoid, and toroid. Fleming's rules, electric motor, electromagnetic induction, and AC/DC generators are included.

Topics covered

Right hand thumb rule and Maxwell's corkscrew ruleForce on current-carrying conductor (Fleming's left hand rule)Electric motorElectromagnetic induction (Fleming's right hand rule)Electric generatorDomestic electric circuits
Ch 13

Our Environment

Covers food chains, food webs, trophic levels, and ecosystem. Ozone layer depletion, management of garbage, and biodegradable vs non-biodegradable waste are environmental topics asked in exams.

Topics covered

Ecosystem componentsFood chain and food webTrophic levels and energy flowBiological magnificationOzone layer depletionWaste management

⚠️ Removed from 2025-26 syllabus

Management of natural resources chapter removed from Class 10 syllabus 2025-26