Transport in Plants

Plant Physiology

Diffusion and osmosisWater potential conceptLong distance transport — apoplast, symplastTranspiration — factors and significanceMineral transport and active/passive absorptionPhloem transport — pressure flow hypothesis

Mineral Nutrition

Plant Physiology

Essential mineral elements — criteriaMacro and micronutrients with functionsDeficiency symptomsMechanism of absorptionNitrogen metabolism — nitrogen fixation, nitrification

Enzymes

Plant Physiology

Properties of enzymesMechanism of enzyme actionFactors affecting enzyme activityClassification of enzymes (6 classes)Enzyme inhibition — competitive, non-competitive

Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Plant Physiology

Photosynthetic pigments and their rolesLight reactions — cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylationCalvin cycle (C3 pathway)C4 pathway — Hatch-SlackPhotorespirationFactors affecting rate of photosynthesis

Respiration in Plants

Plant Physiology

Glycolysis steps and energy yieldAerobic respiration — Krebs cycleElectron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylationFermentation — typesRespiratory quotient and its calculationAmphibolic nature of Krebs cycle

Plant Growth and Development

Plant Physiology

Phases of growthDifferentiation, dedifferentiation, redifferentiationPlant growth regulators — Auxin, Gibberellin, Cytokinin, ABA, EthylenePhotoperiodism — long, short, day neutral plantsVernalisation

Bacteria

Microbiology

Morphological types of bacteriaBacterial cell structure (cell wall, flagella, pili, plasmid)Nutrition types in bacteriaReproduction — binary fission, spore formationEconomically important bacteria

Viruses

Microbiology

Structure of viruses — capsid, nucleic acid typesClassification of virusesBacteriophage lytic and lysogenic cycleTMV — tobacco mosaic virus structurePlant and animal viral diseases

Principles of Inheritance and Variations

Genetics

Mendel's laws — dominance, segregation, independent assortmentMonohybrid and dihybrid crossesChromosomal theory of inheritanceSex determination mechanismsLinkage and crossing overMutations — types and causes

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Molecular Biology

DNA structure — double helix, featuresDNA replication — semi-conservative, enzymesTranscription — template, sigma factor, terminationGenetic code — codons, characteristicsTranslation — initiation, elongation, terminationGene regulation — lac operon model

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Biotechnology

Biotechnology and its Applications

Biotechnology

Bt cotton — Cry proteinsOther Bt crops and pest resistanceGolden rice — Vitamin A fortificationBiopiracy and patentsBio-safety guidelines — ethical issues

Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

Human Welfare

Plant breeding steps and methodsMutation breedingSingle cell proteinTissue culture — totipotency, somatic hybridisation

Microbes in Human Welfare

Human Welfare

Microbes in fermented foodsIndustrial production — antibiotics, vitamins, enzymesSewage treatment — primary, secondary, tertiaryBiogas production — methanogenesisBiocontrol agents — Bt, NPVBiofertilizers — Rhizobium, Azospirillum, mycorrhiza

Botany — Revision Checklist

Transport in Plants

Mineral Nutrition

Enzymes

Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Respiration in Plants

Plant Growth and Development

Bacteria

Viruses

Principles of Inheritance and Variations

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Biotechnology and its Applications

Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

Microbes in Human Welfare