Human Anatomy and Physiology

Digestion — alimentary canal, digestive enzymes, absorptionBreathing and respiration — lung volumes, transport of gasesBody fluids — blood composition, blood groups, clottingExcretion — nephron structure, urine formation, osmoregulationLocomotion — types of muscles, mechanism of muscle contractionNeural control — neuron, nerve impulse, reflex arc, brain regionsChemical coordination — endocrine glands and hormones, feedback control

Reproduction

Male reproductive system — structure and functionsFemale reproductive system — structure and functionsGametogenesis — spermatogenesis, oogenesisFertilization and implantationPlacenta structure and functionsParturition and lactationReproductive health — STDs, contraceptive methods, infertility, ART

Genetics and Evolution

Mendelian genetics — monohybrid, dihybridSex-linked inheritance — haemophilia, colour blindnessChromosomal disorders — Down's, Klinefelter's, Turner'sDNA structure and replication (Meselson-Stahl)Transcription and translation (overview)Mutation typesHardy-Weinberg principleTheories of evolution — Lamarck, Darwin, Neo-DarwinismHuman evolution — evidence and stages

Biology in Human Welfare

Diseases — bacterial, viral, protozoan, helminthicImmunity — innate, acquired, active, passiveVaccines — principle and examplesDrugs and alcohol abuse — effects and preventionCancer — types and treatmentPlant breeding for disease resistanceBiofortificationMicrobes — role in household, industry, sewage treatmentBiogas production

Biotechnology and its Applications

rDNA technology stepsTransgenic animals — examples and applicationsBt crops — mechanism of actionGene therapy — conceptMolecular diagnostics — ELISA, PCR, DNA fingerprintingBiopiracy and IPR issues

Ecology and Environment

Population growth models — exponential, logisticInterspecific interactions — mutualism, competition, predation, parasitismEcosystems — components, food chains, food websEcological pyramids — number, biomass, energyNutrient cycles — carbon, nitrogen, phosphorusBiodiversity — types, patterns, importance, threatsConservation — in-situ, ex-situ methodsEnvironmental issues — air pollution, water pollution, solid waste, global warming, ozone depletion