Botany — Important Questions
Unit-wise important questions for TS Intermediate 2nd Year Botany — organised by VSAQ, SAQ, and LAQ as per the TGBIE exam pattern. Paper: 60 marks · 3 hours.
VSAQ(2 marks each)
Answer in 2–3 lines. Attempt all 10.
- 1.[Transport in Plants]Define osmosis. What is the difference between osmotic potential and water potential?
- 2.[Mineral Nutrition]Name two essential micronutrients required by plants and give one function of each.
- 3.[Enzymes]What is an apoenzyme and a holoenzyme? Give the relation between them.
- 4.[Photosynthesis]What are photosystems I and II? Write their absorption maxima.
- 5.[Photosynthesis]What is RuBisCO? Write its full name and the reaction it catalyses.
- 6.[Respiration]What is the net ATP yield from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?
- 7.[Genetics]What is codominance? Give an example from ABO blood groups.
- 8.[Molecular Biology]What is a codon? Write the start codon and two stop codons.
- 9.[Biotechnology]What are restriction endonucleases? Give one example and its recognition sequence.
- 10.[Microbiology]Name two diseases caused by RNA viruses in plants.
SAQ(4 marks each)
Answer in 5–7 lines. Include a labelled diagram where relevant. Choose 6 from 8.
- 1.[Photosynthesis (Light Reactions)]Describe the events that occur at Photosystem II during the light reactions. Include the role of P680, water splitting, and plastoquinone.
- 2.[Photosynthesis (C4)]Explain the C4 pathway (Hatch-Slack pathway). How does it differ from C3 in terms of primary CO₂ acceptor, enzymes, and cell types?
- 3.[Respiration]Describe glycolysis. Where does it occur? What are the inputs and net output of ATP and NADH?
- 4.[Genetics]Explain the dihybrid cross with a suitable example. State the law derived from it.
- 5.[Genetics]What is sex-linked inheritance? Explain with haemophilia as an example using a cross.
- 6.[Molecular Biology]Describe the process of transcription in prokaryotes. What are the three stages and what roles do sigma and rho factors play?
- 7.[Biotechnology]Explain the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). What are the three steps in each cycle? State its applications.
- 8.[Molecular Biology]Write a note on the lac operon. How does it function in the presence and absence of lactose?
LAQ(8 marks each)
Full answer with diagram where possible. Choose 2 from 4.
- 1.[Photosynthesis]Describe the Calvin cycle (C3 pathway) in detail. Include the three stages (carboxylation, reduction, regeneration), key enzymes, and ATP/NADPH consumed. Draw a schematic diagram.
- 2.[Genetics / Molecular Biology]Explain the molecular basis of inheritance. Describe the structure of DNA (Watson-Crick model), the semi-conservative replication (Meselson-Stahl experiment), and the central dogma.
- 3.[Biotechnology]Explain recombinant DNA technology. Describe the tools used (restriction enzymes, vectors, host cells), the steps of cloning a gene, and the applications including Bt cotton and insulin production.
- 4.[Plant Physiology]Describe the role of plant growth regulators. Explain the functions of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene with one example of application for each.