Biological Science Last Minute Revision
Quick-fire revision for BSE Telangana Class 10 Biology — diagram labels, life process steps, hormones, heredity rules, and exam tips for the final 24 hours.
Diagram Recall
- →Nephron labels: glomerulus → Bowman's capsule → PCT → Loop of Henle → DCT → collecting duct
- →Neuron labels: dendrites → cell body → axon (covered by myelin sheath) → axon terminals
- →Heart: right side = deoxygenated blood; left side = oxygenated blood — 4 chambers, 4 valves
- →Leaf cross-section: upper epidermis → palisade mesophyll → spongy mesophyll → lower epidermis + stomata
Life Processes Quick Points
- →Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ · occurs in chloroplasts (thylakoids + stroma)
- →Aerobic respiration: glucose → pyruvate → acetyl-CoA → Krebs cycle → ETC → 36 ATP
- →Urine formation: filtration (glomerulus) → reabsorption (tubules) → secretion → concentrated urine
- →Transpiration pull: water evaporates from stomata → water pulled up xylem from roots
Hormones — Quick Recall
- →Pituitary: growth hormone, FSH, LH, ADH (master gland — controls other glands)
- →Thyroid: thyroxine — controls metabolic rate; deficiency = goitre
- →Adrenal (medulla): adrenaline — fight or flight response (increase HR, BP, glucose)
- →Pancreas: insulin (lowers blood glucose), glucagon (raises blood glucose)
Heredity — Quick Facts
- →Mendel's monohybrid cross: Tt × Tt → TT : Tt : tt = 1:2:1 genotype / 3 tall : 1 dwarf phenotype
- →Dominant trait is expressed even with one copy; recessive needs two copies (homozygous)
- →Sex determination: XX = female (2 X chromosomes); XY = male — father gives X or Y to child
- →DNA is the hereditary material — gene = segment of DNA coding for a specific protein
Exam Strategy
- →Diagrams: draw in pencil, label neatly with lines (not arrows for labels), and give a title
- →For 5-mark theory: use the format: definition → mechanism/steps → example → significance
- →Ecology questions: if you can't recall exact details, explain the concept — marks are given for reasoning
- →Attempt all diagram questions — even a partially labelled diagram earns partial marks